本篇论文快速导航：
题目：晚清时期李鸿章的宗藩关系观念探讨
绪论：李鸿章宗藩关系观念异化研究绪论
第一章：传统藩篱下的宗藩关系观念
2.1 2.2：以国际法维护传统属国的存续
2.3 2.4：立约通商与练兵制器相辅而行
3.1 3.2：宗藩关系条约化的倾向
3.3：公法观念下对越南问题的消极干预
4.1：全面强化宗藩控制的筹措
4.2 4.3：全面强化宗藩控制观念与属国自主观念的碰撞
结语/参考文献：李鸿章宗藩关系思想变革研究结语与参考文献
　　摘要
　　
　　宗藩关系作为在东亚存在两千多年的国际秩序体系，在近代背景下，发生了重大变化。李鸿章作为晚清重臣，活跃于晚清外交一线，其宗藩关系观念形成于外交实践中，也反过来深刻影响其外交决策。
　　
　　近世以降，李鸿章的宗藩关系观念逐渐发生变异。其深受“中体西用”观念影响，一方面，其宗藩关系观念逐步“西化”,把西方国际公法认识内化于宗藩危机应对中，突破“治以不治”观念的桎梏，主动干预属国事务，意图重新构建宗藩体系。而面对西方文明的激烈冲击，加之清王朝的势弱，属国内部自主情绪日炽，李鸿章借鉴西方国际秩序中的属国概念，在“治以需治”观念基础上形成全面强化宗藩控制的观念，在控制过程中，李鸿章的强化宗藩控制观念与属国自主观念产生了激烈冲突。最终，甲午战争后，宗藩关系被瓦解，但是李鸿章的宗藩观念仍有所残留，并不时影响李鸿章外交认识和决策。另一方面，在积极吸收西方国际公法观念之外，传统观念仍在李鸿章宗藩观念中占有重要地位，其对于传统宗藩制度，从现实需要出发，进行调适和变通，使之成为制衡公法制度破坏宗藩关系的有力武器。
　　
　　内忧外患的现实让李鸿章对于维系宗藩关系的目的和手段产生了新的认识。满足清王朝“天朝上国”的虚荣心已经不是主要的目的，清朝的国家利益成为维系宗藩关系的出发点，其处理宗藩事务中所使用的手段与方法具有很强的现实主义色彩。此外，利用西方国际公法秩序维护传统宗藩关系，成为李鸿章应对宗藩危机最常使用的手段。
　　
　　李鸿章的传统观念与公法观念在宗藩关系语境下，密切联系，相互融合，又时而产生冲突。一方面，李鸿章以传统宗藩关系观念为框架，对西方国际公法规则进行改造，然后将之融入到宗藩关系中；另一方面，西方国际公法观念又对传统宗藩秩序形成冲击，破坏李鸿章的传统观念，让其越发曲从于国际公法秩序。这揭示出李鸿章宗藩关系观念变异的曲折性和反复性。
　　
　　李鸿章的宗藩关系观念是晚清国人宗藩关系观念的一个面相，在其观念指导下，有损害属国利益的行为，但认真剖析其宗藩观念，总结教训，提炼有益因子，对于构建新型的国际秩序具有一定借鉴作用。
　　
　　关键词：李鸿章；宗藩关系；宗藩关系观念；藩属国
　　
　　Abstract
　　
　　Suzerain-tributary relation was the characteristic of east Asiainternational order system and already existed for more than twothousand year. But the system of suzerain-tributary was substantiallychanged under the push of history. As the main minister in the late Qingdynasty, Li Hung-Chang was an active front line diplomatic officer. Hissuzerain-tributary relation concept was established on diplomaticpractices, which in turn affect his diplomatic policy decision. As the pushof history, variations of Li's suzerain-tributary relation concept happenspontaneously. He was deeply influenced by “Chinese-styleWesternization” development concept. On the one hand, hissuzerain-tributary relation concept has become more western. He appliedthe realization of Public International Law for crisis response ofsuzerain-vassal state relationship, which beak through the shackles of“non-activity, non-regulation” concept. He was an advocate of activeintervention on tributary affairs and tried to rebuilt the suzerain-tributarysystem. Under the situation of Western culture impact, weakening Qingdynasty and growing independence awareness of tributary, Li formed anidea of comprehensive strengthen the control of Suzerain based on theconcept of western tributary and active intervention, which extremelyconflicted with the independent concept of tributary. After the firstSino-Japanese War, the suzerain-tributary relation was collapsed. But Li'ssuzerain-tributary concept still remain and affect his diplomatic policydecision on occasion. On the other hand, besides the effect of PublicInternational Law, traditional idea still have strong effect on Li'ssuzerain-tributary concept. He claimed that traditional suzerain-tributaryshould adapt according to reality, and should finally evolve into strongweapon which could balance the destruction of Public International Law.
　　
　　The reality of internal and external problem give Li a new insight onthe means and purpose of maintain suzerain-tributary relationship. Tomeet the vanity of “the Celestial Empire” was not the main point ofmaintain suzerain-tributary, it transformed into increase the interests ofthe empire. Those made him take more attention on realistic utility whiledealing suzerain-tributary affairs. Use Public International Law idea tomaintain suzerain-tributary relationship has became the mainmeasurement of Li's crisis response on tributary affairs. Under the effectof suzerain-tributary reality, Li's traditional view and public law conceptintegrated together but conflict on occasion. On one hand, Li transformthe Public International Law in accordance to traditional suzerain-tributary concept, then apply to suzerain-tributary reality. On the otherhand, Public International Law concept impacted traditionalsuzerain-tributary relationship, which destroy Li's traditional concept andforce him to follow the order of Public Law.
　　
　　Li's suzerain-tributary concept represented the concept of Late Qing.
　　
　　It will lead the damage of tributary interest, but it is worthwhile toanalysis Li's suzerain- tributary concept. The advantage factors of Li'sconcept will have a certain reference for establish new international order.
　　
　　Key words: Li Hung-Chang; suzerain-tributary relationship; concept onsuzerain-tributary relationship; tributary


　　目 录
　　
　　摘 要
　　
　　Abstract
　　
　　绪论
　　
　　一、选题意义
　　
　　二、研究现状
　　
　　三、研究方法及创新之处
　　
　　第一章 传统藩篱下的宗藩关系观念
　　
　　第一节 以儒家思想为基础的传统宗藩观念
　　
　　第二节 李鸿章的传统宗藩关系观念
　　
　　第三节 观念“守旧”的原因及评价
　　
　　第二章 维护宗藩关系传统手段的调整
　　
　　第一节 运用条约维护宗藩关系的初次尝试
　　
　　第二节 以国际法维护传统属国的存续
　　
　　第三节 立约通商与练兵制器相辅而行
　　
　　第四节 初现变异之观念的分析
　　
　　第三章 “治以不治”观念的松动
　　
　　第一节 “治以需治”观念的出现
　　
　　第二节 宗藩关系条约化的倾向
　　
　　第三节 公法观念下对越南问题的消极干预
　　
　　第四章 全面强化宗藩控制的新构想
　　
　　第一节 全面强化宗藩控制的筹措
　　
　　第二节 全面强化宗藩控制观念与属国自主观念的碰撞
　　
　　第三节 评析全面强化宗藩控制观念
　　
　　结语
　　
　　第一节 宗藩关系瓦解后的观念残余
　　
　　第二节 宗藩关系观念变异的特点
　　
　　第三节 李鸿章之宗藩关系观念的整体审视
　　
　　参考文献
　　
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